如何进行水处理？

How to do water treatment?

环保水处理为您介绍一种经久耐用、性能卓越的水处理设备——反渗透设备及反渗透膜元件。

Green water treatment introduces a durable and excellent water treatment equipment -- reverse osmosis equipment and reverse osmosis membrane element.

reverse osmosis film反渗透技术原理是在高于溶液渗透压的作用下，依据其他物质不能透过半透膜 而将这些物质和水分离开来。反渗透膜的膜孔径非常小，因此能够有效地去除水中的溶解盐类、胶体、微生物、有机物等。系统具有水质好、耗能低、无污染、工艺简单、操作简便等优点。

The principle of reverse osmosis film reverse osmosis is to separate the substances from the water under the action of the osmotic pressure of the solution, and the other substances can not be separated through the semi permeable membrane. Reverse osmosis membrane has a very small pore size, so it can effectively remove salt, colloid, microorganism and organic matter in water. The system has the advantages of good water quality, low energy consumption, no pollution, simple process and easy operation.

一、反渗透设备简介

Introduction of reverse osmosis equipment

反渗透设备是将原水经过精细过滤器、颗粒活性碳过滤器、压缩活性碳过滤器等，再通过泵加压，利用孔径为1/10000μm（相当于大肠杆菌大小的1/6000，病毒的1/300）的反渗透膜（RO膜），使较高浓度的水变为低浓度水，同时将工业污染物、重金属、细菌、病毒等大量混入水中的杂质全部隔离，从而达到饮用规定的理化指标及卫生标准，产出至清至纯的水，是人体及时补充优质水分的最佳选择.由于RO反渗透技术生产的水纯净度是目前人类掌握的一切制水技术中最高的，洁净度几乎达到100%，所以人们称这种产水机器为反渗透纯净水机。

The reverse osmosis equipment is through the fine filter, the granular active carbon filter, the compressed active carbon filter and so on, then through the pump pressure, using the aperture of 1/10000 mu m (the size of the Escherichia coli 1/6000, the virus 1/300) reverse osmosis membrane (RO membrane), so that the higher concentration of water into low concentration water, and the industry at the same time The pollutants, heavy metals, bacteria, virus and other impurities in the water are all isolated, so as to reach the physical and chemical indexes and hygienic standards of the prescribed drinking water, which is the best choice for the human body to replenish the water in time. The pure water purity of the RO reverse osmosis technology is all the water that is mastered by mankind at present. The highest cleanliness in technology is almost 100%, so people call this water production machine a reverse osmosis pure water machine.

反渗透是一种现代新型的纯净水处理技术。通过反渗透元件来提高水质的纯净度，清除水中含有的杂质和盐。我们日常所饮用的纯净水都是经过反渗透设备处理的，水质清澈。

Reverse osmosis is a new modern pure water treatment technology. Through reverse osmosis element to improve the purity of water quality, remove impurities and salt contained in water. The purified water we drink daily is treated by reverse osmosis equipment. The water quality is clear.

世界上最早使用反渗透技术的国家是美国，发明了膜分离技术。随着该技术的推广，我国开始使用反渗透技术。市场上的纯净水设备都是采用的反渗透膜处理技术，并且在我国经过了一定的改良和设计创新，技术已经非常成熟。

The first country in the world to use reverse osmosis technology was the United States, which invented membrane separation technology. With the popularization of the technology, reverse osmosis technology has been used in China. The pure water equipment in the market is used in reverse osmosis membrane treatment technology, and in our country after a certain improvement and design innovation, technology has been very mature.

反渗透纯净水设备中设计了一种反渗透膜。膜两侧的压力不同，通过两侧的压力为动力，压迫原水通过反渗透膜，盐的浓度低的会向浓度高的盐方向渗透，能够达到的平衡状态下，就是液体的渗透压。当含有的盐水一侧的压力对于另一侧的渗透压力时候，就会发生反方向的流动，就产生了反渗透过程。

Reverse osmosis membrane is designed in reverse osmosis pure water equipment. The pressure on both sides of the membrane is different. Through the pressure of both sides, the raw water is oppressed through the reverse osmosis membrane. The low concentration of salt will permeate the salt direction with high concentration, and the liquid osmotic pressure can be reached under the equilibrium state. When the pressure on the side of the salt water is on the other side, there will be an opposite direction of flow, resulting in a reverse osmosis process.

反渗透纯净水设备都是采用了这种技术，采用了自动供水和断水的智能化控制，这就是纯净水设备。

Reverse osmosis pure water equipment adopts this technology, and adopts intelligent control of automatic water supply and water cut. This is pure water equipment.

二、反渗透膜元件简介

Two. A brief introduction of reverse osmosis membrane elements

反渗透膜是实现反渗透的核心元件，是一种模拟生物半透膜制成的具有一定特性的人工半透膜。一般用高分子材料制成。如醋酸纤维素膜、芳香族聚酰肼膜、芳香族聚酰胺膜。表面微孔的直径一般在0.5～10nm之间，透过性的大小与膜本身的化学结构有关。有的高分子材料对盐的排斥性好，而水的透过速度并不好。有的高分子材料化学结构具有较多亲水基团，因而水的透过速度相对较快。因此一种满意的反渗透膜应具有适当的渗透量或脱盐率。

Reverse osmosis membrane is the core component of reverse osmosis. It is a semi permeable membrane with a certain characteristic. It is usually made of polymer materials. Such as cellulose acetate membrane, aromatic polyhydrazide film, aromatic polyamide membrane. The diameter of the surface micropores is generally between 0.5 and 10nm, and the permeability is related to the chemical structure of the membrane itself. Some polymers have good repellency on salt, but water is not good enough to pass through. Some polymer materials have more hydrophilic groups in the chemical structure, and the speed of water transmission is relatively fast. Therefore, a satisfactory reverse osmosis membrane should have the appropriate amount of penetration or desalination rate.

1、反渗透膜应具有以下特征：

1, the reverse osmosis membrane should have the following characteristics:

A、在高流速下应具有高效脱盐率；

A, high efficiency desalination rate should be available at high velocity.

B、具有较高机械强度和使用寿命；

B, with high mechanical strength and service life.

C、能在较低操作压力下发挥功能；

C, it can function under low operating pressure.

D、能耐受化学或生化作用的影响；

D, can tolerate the effects of chemical or biochemical action;

E、受pH值、温度等因素影响较小；

E, pH value, temperature and other factors are less affected.

F、制膜原料来源容易，加工简便，成本低廉。

The raw materials of F and film making are easy to source, easy to process and low in cost.

反渗透膜的结构，有非对称膜和均相膜两类。当前使用的膜材料主要为醋酸纤维素和芳香聚酰胺类。其组件有中空纤维式、卷式、板框式和管式。可用于分离、浓缩、纯化等化工单元操作，主要用于纯水制备和水处理行业中。

The structure of reverse osmosis membrane consists of two types: asymmetric membrane and homogeneous membrane. The membrane materials currently used are cellulose acetate and aromatic polyamide. Its components are hollow fiber type, coil type, plate and frame type and tube type. It can be used in chemical unit operation such as separation, concentration, purification and so on. It is mainly used in pure water preparation and water treatment industry.

2、反渗透膜元件原理

2. Principle of reverse osmosis membrane element

反渗透又称逆渗透，一种以压力差为推动力，从溶液中分离出溶剂的膜分离操作。对膜一侧的料液施加压力，当压力超过它的渗透压时，溶剂会逆着自然渗透的方向作反向渗透。从而在膜的低压侧得到透过的溶剂，即渗透液；高压侧得到浓缩的溶液，即浓缩液。若用反渗透处理海水，在膜的低压侧得到淡水，在高压侧得到卤水。

Reverse osmosis, also known as reverse osmosis, is a membrane separation operation that separates solvents from solutions by pressure difference. When the pressure exceeds the osmotic pressure on the side of the membrane, the solvent will reverse osmosis in the direction of natural infiltration. Thus, the permeable solution is obtained on the low pressure side of the membrane, namely the osmotic solution; the concentrated solution is concentrated on the high-pressure side. If seawater is treated by reverse osmosis, fresh water will be obtained on the low pressure side of the membrane and brine will be obtained on the high pressure side.

反渗透时，溶剂的渗透速率即液流能量N为：N=Kh（Δp－Δπ)  式中Kh为水力渗透系数，它随温度升高稍有增大；Δp为膜两侧的静压差；Δπ为膜两侧溶液的渗透压差。稀溶液的渗透压π为： π=iCRT 式中i为溶质分子电离生成的离子数；C为溶质的摩尔浓度；R为摩尔气体常数；T为绝对温度。反渗透通常使用非对称膜和复合膜。反渗透所用的设备，主要是中空纤维式或卷式的膜分离设备。反渗透膜能截留水中的各种无机离子、胶体物质和大分子溶质，从而取得净制的水。也可用于大分子有机物溶液的预浓缩。由于反渗透过程简单，能耗低，近20年来得到迅速发展。现已大规模应用于海水和苦咸水（见卤水）淡化、锅炉用水软化和废水处理，并与离子交换结合制取高纯水，其应用范围正在扩大，已开始用于乳品、果汁的浓

In reverse osmosis, the permeation rate of the solvent, that is, the liquid flow energy N, is that the Kh is a hydraulic permeability coefficient in the N=Kh (delta P - delta). It increases slightly with the temperature, and the delta P is the static pressure difference on both sides of the membrane, and the delta Pi is the osmotic pressure difference between the solutions on both sides of the membrane. The osmotic pressure of the dilute solution is: the number of ions generated by the ionization of the solute molecules in the I =iCRT type; the C is the molar concentration of the solute; the R is the molar gas constant; and the T is the absolute temperature. Reverse osmosis usually uses asymmetric membranes and composite membranes. Reverse osmosis equipment is mainly hollow fiber or coil type membrane separation equipment. Reverse osmosis membrane can intercept all kinds of inorganic ions, colloidal substances and macromolecular solutes in water, thus obtaining net water. It can also be used for pre concentration of macromolecular organic solutions. Because of its simple process and low energy consumption, the process of reverse osmosis has developed rapidly in the past 20 years. It has been widely used in seawater and brine water (brine water) desalination, boiler water softening and wastewater treatment, and combined with ion exchange to make high pure water. Its application scope is expanding and has been used in the concentration of milk and fruit juice.